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The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'Urbervilles

Thesis statement:
Everyone knows that Tesss life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion.
Outline
Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'Urbervilles

A. Womens role in industrial movements during 19th century in England

B. A brief commentary of the novel
1. the writer --Thomas hardy
2. general introduction of the novel
Ⅱ.Tesss spirit of revolt all through her life

A. Tesss fight to the moribund society
1. the moribund society
2. Tesss fight to the moribund society

B. Tesss resistance to the traditional moral concept
1. the traditional moral concept
2. Tesss resistance to the traditional moral concept

C. Tesss resistance to the hypocritical religion
1.the hypocritical religion in that time
2. Tesss resistance to the hypocritical religion

D. Tesss resistance to the unfortunate marriage
1.Tesss unfortunate marriage
2. Tesss resistance to the unfortunate marriage

Ⅲ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring.

Abstract
This paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tesss fight to the moribund society. (2) Tesss resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tesss resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tesss resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life.
key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate

内容提要
本文研究的是小说主人公苔丝的反抗精神。首先，本文对小说的背景做了介绍。然后，对文本进行简要评论。再次，本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公苔丝的反抗精神进行集中讨论：(1) 苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争；(2) 苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗；(3) 苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗；(4) 苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。最后，揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。
关键词：悲剧,反抗精神,工业运动,不幸命运

Introduction
The industrial revolution of the 19th century and the emergence of machinery to the work force sparked the womens movement in Europe. Therefore the excuse of the physical difference between men and women was no longer valid due to the replacement of the laborers (male) strong arms with machines. Women entered the work force. This was a turning point for womens social, political and cultural roles. The controlling power of the societies was very much interested in this new working group. Women did not have pre-defined expectations on workers rights and easily played into the hands of the controlling power. The male dominating power of the time was benefiting from the cheap labor provided by women. This change conflicted with the traditional role of women at home and in the family.
The financial independence resulted by this social development led women to gain more confidence in society and created a condition for breaking the barriers towards freedom. The bourgeois ideologues feared the consequences of the womens freedom but could not ignore the economic benefit of this change. Therefore, they introduced the philosophy of equality so that they could continue the suppression of women in the name of religion and ethics.
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) was a Britain's critical realism novelist and poet at the end of the 19th century. Father of his architect, he himself studied architecture too. He spent his most time in homeland, which was a special prefecture. Hardy's creation period includes carrying out the transition to the stage of imperialism from non- monopoly capitalism. He sees that the capitalist system is to give help to the working people, especially who experienced misfortune and disaster, bring them to agriculture and show sympathy to them. His novel fill with his background in homeland, including the near prefecture district. This is an almost industrial at all farming region, but it is permeated by the capitalism too. Especially after the seventies, the invasion of the capitalism destroyed the whole countryside, make the foundation of the patriarchal clan system society of the countryside collapse completely. He has observed the agricultural crisis to fill in miserable consequence that the special prefecture causes in one, describe this regional peasant's disaster received. But he explains the reason why the society changes with idealism, thinks what controlled people's destiny is a kind of " fill the will of the universe"1. This is a view of fatalism.
Hardys masterpiece Tess of the d'Urbervilles describes the miserable experience of a rural girl. But too unfortunate to overthrow this girl who calls Tess, she relies on her own hands to work, moving people with her own sincerity. She is " a pure woman "2. Finally she winds up with the tragedy, which is why people often discuss her as the source of the tragedy. However, I saw her powerful fight, fighting against the society, the hypocritical religion. All her did was to abandon the old ethical society and to pursuit a happy marriage. She has shown in front of common people her own practical action that she is insulted, which indicates a resisting powerful woman's images.
Tess of the d'Urbervilles, is the first famous work of Britain outstanding realistic writer, Hardy. Because Hardy had once had experience of living in the Ministry of Agriculture, he was extremely familiar with peasants' life, personality, custom, language, etc. Works of Hardy reflect capitalist factor invading Britain social economy, politics, morals, and enormous custom changes of under countryside, showed the miserable destiny of the rural working people of specific historical period. Hardys theme that create his novel, usually show the antinomy between people and society, personality and environment, especially through the description of issues such as love and marriage, displaying the individual confliction when people fight against social outmoded practice, religion law, morals custom. In his works, especially woman images in the works of him have deeply shown this characteristic. Tess of the d'Urbervilles, is the essential reflection of Hardys style and the society he wanted to show.
Tess of the d'Urbervilles, background of works takes place under a very grave situation that capital brings disaster to the partial rural individual small-scale peasant economy of Britain. It shows a brief of a rural girl Tess and burns it miserably. Tess of woman protagonist, d'Urbervilles is that one is pure, kindhearted, beautiful, strong and the rural woman image of Britain with spirit of revolt. Tesss life is being surrounded by peaceful and beautiful hills, nine people of one family relying on fathers small business cultivating with one old horse on the land. Tess, as the eldest daughter of the family bears much responsibility, including her parents' advice by every means, letting her recognize the so-called distant relative -- d'Urbervilles. Tess has deep love for working, and she never feel ashamed for her own poor origin, and she also hated the connections with " the distant relative "3. And Tess reach dUrbervilless house, under pressure of the family, on one weekend evening, the son of dUrbervilles, Alec, stained the helpless young girl. Her destiny transferred from then on. She has illegitimate children, and has done baptism for this child, but lost him again. She met Clare and fall in love with him, but her honesty on newly married night, Clare makes diverge from she. During the day that the husband leaves away, Tess has no way under the pressure of the helplessness, have come back to Alec's side. And the returning of Angel Clare makes Tess fall into incomparable, she hate the limit of reaching to Alec, so she killed him in all desperation. And after the happy life with the Angel Clare in a few days, she finally accepted " murderer "4's criminal law calmly. Though Tess catch transient and have a great one tragic, tragic burning from her, we have seen that she keeps resisting, resisting the unfair society, the traditional morals, the hypocritical religion, and the unfortunate marriage. So, from the point view of Angel, Tess is a misfortune person in the story, but not a weak one. What Hardy entrusted to Tess is that she is insulted, but has women's image of having spirit of revolt. She is not a person who set off in the novel, but rules the woman protagonist completely of the whole novel.
First, fight to the moribund society.
In last 30 years of the 19th century, British society carried out the transition to monopoly capitalism from non-monopoly capitalism, British capitalist class became parasitic, moribund and reactionary and remarkable day by day. After the seventies of the 19th century, Britain lost the monopoly position of the industry and commerce in the world, though it is still the center of the finance of the world. Inside, agricultural crisis and industrial crisis have strengthened class contradiction. In 1970s and 1980s, Liberal Party and the Conservative Party were in power in turn, gave in timidly inwards, win the labor aristocracy over by any means, and implement the crazy colonial policy to the outside. At the end of the1980s, the beginning of the 1990s, opportunism still dominated in Federation of British Industries organized, but with the intensification of the domestic contradiction, the labor movement becomes active again. The raw new unions of labor organization, the struggle that launch the strike and demonstrate, suffer the government's bloody suppression. The end of the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century, Whitehall strengthened militarism to rule, launch the cloth war of South Africa, join and suppress the Eight Strategic Nerve Points of the Yihetuan, and step up exploiting the working people, increase the taxes, class contradiction is sharpened unprecedented, a lot of huge strikes have taken place. As industrial movement swept England in the 19th century, People pour into countryside in crowds, as wild animal pray on like the animal occupying that land liberated. In a short period of time, Britain rural resident many time since the period of Louis 14, and the number of people is also running up People have found the work suitable for themselves, have given up those jobs that will inevitable be failed. City invades countryside, and between invader and ancient times those the warlike invader is the same, assimilated by the force around them, has become a cottar. When the number of them has exceeded the urbanite, they have exercised an influence on urbanite again. So, the difference between the city and village becomes smaller and smaller, the urbanite's thought and lively style make the village getting vigorous. Been classified as eliminating the differentials between town and country of the socialist goal by us all the time, it was that falling has been realized like this unexpectedly here. Especially, Woman has to oppress seriously from moribund society, it cause to grow spirit of revolt. Tess is the one of these women.
The representing of this moribund social evil force is Alec. He relys on money of family, having a great power to dominates. When seeing Tess, he set the trap that has destroyed the young girls chaste and the happiness in all her life. Alec not only has essence and characteristic of the landlord class but also reflect the essential characteristic of the capitalist class. Tess disdain to Alec, she is surrender to Alec, she isnt marry to Alec as her mother ask for her, she says： "Perhaps any woman will, but I exception. "5This prove that Tess resist with moribund social evil force. She wouldnt wait impatiently to save herself from society fully, she would rather rely on her own efforts to be impractical on evil force under the foot. Beg that gives alms. When Alec requires Tess stay at his side, Tess responds him firmly. "Never, never! I made up my mind as soon as I saw--what I ought to have seen sooner, and I won't come."6This sees Tesss revolt spirit to evil resolution and force compromises too. Though Tess can escape from inferior devil's clutches of Alec finally, come back to his side, it is under the pressure of the helplessness too, it is low and excessive to the evil force in one quarter that she does not have. Until the fact that Angel come back, Tess break out finally, And my sin will kill him and not kill me! ... O, you have torn my life all to pieces ... made me be what I prayed you in pity not to make me be again! ... My own true husband will never, never--O God--I can't bear this! -- I cannot!"7 This between she and moribund evil climax of resistance of force of society too. She has lifted the knife, killed Alec, as the severe reaction unjust to this society. Even if she has accepted the judgment of the death, she is quiet leaving finally, because she got the fairness of her heart at last, got the balance. She fought back to bring to her unfortunately, cause the tragic moribund society. Alec utilizes money and strength of power, makes Tess in condition that have nowhere to live, in the hope of Controlling Tess, though Tess has been made resisted, Alec is regarded as representatives of the evil force, but receive the protection of the state apparatus of capitalist class, so has led to the tragedy finally, and Tess always resist, rely on her strength alone, at all unable to contend with their. It takes only to be effective method directly most as for her too only --kill Alec to reach to the moribund resistance and accusation of society to come.
Second, resistance of the traditional moral concept
In the 19th century in England, Combination because of love, will not break away from the relation with women's chastity at all times. The deep-rooted control women firmly of chastity idea and guiding man, as regards social system, this is already becoming naturally, however, whether to judge a woman's purity or not with the traditional chastity view. This kind of phenomenon still dominates in numerous male thoughts, though they threaten to break the traditional chastity view and get married for love on the surface. How much performance of man really makes sense? Women like Tess are in extremely unfair status under this kind of moral concept. So they will attempt to resist gradually.
Angel, husband of Tess, is one of the representatives of traditional moral concepts, being even the main reason that causes Tesss tragedy, and having traditional ethical prejudice on him. He is in the contacts course of Tess, there is no constraint of abandoning the traditional idea all the time. In his eyes, Tess is what a fresh and pure daughter of nature that dairymaid is! 8 holy and pure, but Tess is to her honest experience abused on the past at the newly married night, because of his traditional moral concept, he has not forgiven Tess, as Tess did forgive his dissolute behavior. This shows a deep-rooted traditional chastity idea is still in his mind. And Tess dare saying her own past bold, but between she and traditional resistance of moral concept, she believes whether a woman is pure or not, is not to look chastity, the more important thing is the soul and quality, Tess has not been defeated after suffering misfortune. Not crushed by the traditional morals ethics idea, she still has deep love for working, relying on herself to live. She defeat traditional moral concept, accept love to Clare, believe her honesty can receive the true love because of her pure love, the grief in the past that she has been defeated. "Suspect, the fear, melancholy, vexation, shame --Quilt --Defeat.9But she tries to let Clare gets rid of ethical tradition constraint to make misfortune. Clare forgives Tess when return after going out, which prove traditional failure of moral concept after all and make the final victory in resistance of Tess. In addition, after Tess has illegitimate children, she has not abandoned him, but bring him up until he died. Tess does not give consideration to the view of the people around, using her own practical action to show common people the purity of a woman losing virginity, which is resistance of her traditional moral concept to the old society too --Whether can't evaluate the woman's purity or not with the woman's chastity. Though the tragedy of Tess is caused by traditional morals of Angel Clare more or less, but Angel Clare reachs to comprehend at the last moment. "Though Tess stain in the past, such as her person, according to her body present thing stored, it is fresh to far surpass other virgins too. "10It is obvious, Tess with her industrious and simple and sincere and strong traditional moral concept of resistance, and has won the victory.
Third, resistance of the hypocritical religion
Britain followed Christianity in the 19th century, the religion was a spiritual tool that was used for liberating the people on the surface, and for good governance government used it as a kind of tool to fetter of people in fact. When people see through its hypocritical side, they will resist it. Tess is also the one who object to it when looks through it.
Alec turns respectable for a time with the help of old pastor, and after he meets Tess, evil thought regenerated. Tess sees through the soul of the pastor, pointing out precisely: Dont go on with it!" she cried passionately, as she turned away from him to a stile by the wayside, on which she bent Herself. "I can't believe in such sudden things! I feel indignant with you for talking to me like this, when you know--when you know what harm you've done me! You, and those like you, take your fill of pleasure on earth by making the life of such as me bitter and black with sorrow, and then it is a fine thing, when you have had enough of that, to think of securing your pleasure in heaven by becoming converted! Out upon such--I don't believe in you--I hate it!"11It is obvious that Tess discontented with the thing that hypocritical religion is strong, and Alec utilizes the coat of the religion, making the obscene behavior, scorned by Tess, the severe reaction of Tess: "But I have not defended the weak woman of ability, Alec! I am still grasping the honor of a good person in the hand! --Think carefully --You do not feel ashamed! "12 This is Tess that reprimand to Alec frivolous act, pointing out Alecs mask of " good person "13 .Not merely, she has also beaten back the harassing and wrecking of Alec. This formal resistance and despising of the hypocritical religious believer of Tess. In addition, after illegitimate child of Tess fall ill, Tess forewarns the finishing of this light life, she ignores the restraint of the religious doctrine of the religion, and has done baptism for this child. But now that her moral sorrows were passing away, a fresh one arose on the natural side of her: she knew nothing about social law. When she reached home she learned that the baby had been suddenly ill since the afternoon. Such collapse had been probable, so tender and puny was its frame, but the event came as a shock nevertheless.
The girls mother forgot the babys offence against society in coming into the world. Her soul's desire was to continue that offence by preserving the life of the child. However, it soon grew clear that the hour of emancipation for that little prisoner of the flesh was to arrive earlier than her worst misgiving had conjectured. And when she had discovered this she was plunged into a misery, which transcended that of the child's simple loss. Her baby had not been baptized.
Tess had drifted into a frame of mind which accepted passively the consideration that if she should have to burn for what she had done, burn she must, and there was an end of it. Like all village girls she was well grounded in the Holy Scriptures, and had dutifully studied the histories of Aloha and Aholibah, and knew the inferences to be drawn there from. But when the same question arose with regard to the baby, it had a very different color. Her darling was about to die, and no salvation.14 Poor Sorrow's campaign against sin, the world, and the devil was doomed to be of limited brilliancy--luckily perhaps for him, considering his beginnings. In the blue of the morning that fragile soldier and servant breathed his last, and when the other children awoke they cried bitterly, and begged Sissy to have another pretty baby. The calmness, which had possessed Tess since the christening, remained with her in the infant's loss. In the daylight, indeed, she felt her terrors about his soul to have been somewhat exaggerated, whether well founded or not she had no uneasiness now, reasoning that if Providence would not ratify such an act of approximation she, for one, did not value the kind of heaven lost by the irregularity--either for herself or for her child. She returns reasoning and says: "If God is unwilling to sanction this kind of close method on the whole of hers, that piece lost paradise have value can speak either because this kind does not conform to normal baptism then. "15Therefore Tess believes if religion is true, equal, then have the so-called paradise, if the religion is unfair to people, is then hypocritical, this is what shes judgment of the religion true and false, at the same time it is the resistance of the hypocritical religion too, she believes real religion is true, real religion should adhere rigidly to the form, norm, otherwise would rather not believe. The above behaviors and speech have proved Tess to the hypocritical resistance of one side of religion effectively. She despise to the representative of religion hypocritical, has better spirit of revolt extremely especially to hypocritical religion.
Fourth, the resistance Tess to the unfortunate marriage
Under parents' advice, under the pressure of the family life, Tess has entered into dUrbervilles home, The haggling business, which had mainly depended on the horse, became disorganized forthwith. Distress, if not penury, loomed in the distance. Durbeyfield was what was locally called a slack-twisted fellow, he had good strength to work at times, but the times could not be relied on to coincide with the hours of requirement. And having been unaccustomed to the regular toil of the day laborer, he was not particularly persistent when they did so coincide. Tess, meanwhile, as the one who had dragged her parents into this quagmire, was silently wondering what she could do to help them out of it, and then her mother broached her scheme go. And it is unfortunate to suffer, but she didnt want marry Alec, which would save her misfortune by obtaining the marriage. She still wants to pursue the real happiness and marriage. So, she met Clare, fall in love with him, and combine with him. In order to living a happy life with Angel, she tried every means to forget her sad past and treat him sincerely. After Angel knows she was raped by Alec, their relationship is torn apart, and Angel Clare leaves for Brazil, then Tess has finally been forced to marry Alec. She never feels happy in the marriage between she and Alec. That is the unfortunate marriage she has. She would rather bear the shame sign of " woman losing virginity, 16stands enormous social pressure and terrible discrimination, than to violate her own true feelings and spoil her own true love.
Tess of the dUrbervilles, have a subtitle, " a pure woman "17 . This prove Tesss unfortunate fight of marriage. She thinks the losing of the virgin's chastity does not mean losing the purity of the love. So she again and again ask Angel: I thought, Angel, that you loved me--me, my very self! If it is I you do love, O how can it be that you look and speak so? It frightens me! Having begun to love you, I love you forever--in all changes, in all disgraces, because you are yourself. I ask no more. Then how can you, O my own husband, stop loving me? 18She does not think that love must be equivalent to chastity, but believes that real love should be the idea of abandoning common customs, natural, simple and honest. Though she fails to get understanding from Clare at the beginning when she was ready for the happy marriage that she dreams of, she never give up, still veining for a gleam of hope for the happy marriage. However, finally she could not get rid of the evil force. Before she gets pardon from Angel, she falls into inferior trap of Alec. And when her husband appears in front of her, she, for her happiness, even the transient happiness of a few days. She killed the arch-criminal of crime --Alec. Obtain unprecedented ease and freedom. Tess has a happiest time while catching. She set up Clare her younger sister for the hope that she can obtain the happy marriage at the younger sister's body, and make Angel happy. She leaves happily finally. She has been lived again on younger sister, who get real purity marriage without prejudice and common customs.
Though the story winds up with the tragedy, we can see clearly that she keeps resisting. She, against this unjust society, false religion, moribund old tradition, and unfortunate marriage, all make enormous efforts and carry on the resistance of justice. But we have to realize that, in such a society, the evil force walks crosswise, and there is a strong backing –The protection of state apparatus and religion system. In addition, there is the spirit of the feudal ethical thought. Such a rural girl with only her own hands to work and her simple and honest, how to cross it? So the final tragedy of Tess is unavoidable, but her spirit of revolt is worth thinking deeply about.
Tess is not a weak person, but a powerful woman, though she goes through the publication to carve, spreads out before us by assuming the role of victor finally. As representatives of force of evil Alec does not succeed finally. He had to pay a price for his behavior, which has set off victory of resisting the moribund society of Tess. Tesss right inferior contempt does not adhere rigidly to religion form to laugh at hypocritical religion. Tesss seduction illegitimate child and philosophy of life in the future deny the correctness of ethical society. And the faith of Clare, being traditionally ethical, make him become " the slaves of the custom and stereotype "19 , which by contrast set Tess the extraordinary and refined figure and courageous woman to pursue happiness marriage .
In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring.
Notes
1 YuYang, From the Spirit of Revolt of the Tragic View Tess (Beijing: Beijing Press, 1971), p.36
2 YuYang, p.140
3 YuYang, p.57
4 YuYang, p.88
5Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989),p.52
6Thomas Hardy, p.56
7Thomas Hardy, p.200
8Thomas Hardy, p.100
9Thomas Hardy, p.220
10Thomas Hardy, p.228
11Thomas Hardy, p.72
12Thomas Hardy, p.76
13w.Hacker,Womens Role (Boston:Boston Press,1930),p.170
14Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989),p.24
15Thomas Hardy, p.156
16Bill, TheIndustrial Revolution Of the 19th Century (London: London Press, 1927), p.150
17 Bill, p.12
18Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989),p.170
19 Bill, The Industrial Revolution Of the 19th Century (London: London Press, 1927), p.250

BIBIOGRAPHY

Bill. The Industrial Revolution Of the 19th Century. London: London City Press, 1927.

Thomas Hardy. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1989.

W.Hacker. Womens Role. Boston: Boston Commercial Press, 1930.

YuYang. From the Spirit of Revolt of the Tragic View Tess. Beijing: ShangWu Press,
1971.

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